Innovation + experience-minded design strategy. The pieces of a working model for understanding culture + change in an increasingly complex world.
An at-a-glance understanding of which buttons are pressed most, based on the patina of the two left-most options – at the Shanghai customs checkpoint.
Patina is a long-term, indirect, emergent notion - the idea of aesthetic decay. Many things today are designed for perfection (perfection in the short term, at least), which is quite a direct, linear mode of thought. Jan Chipchase points to an unintentional example of patina above; Tom Armitage over at BERG is at the following on the value of imperfect design: http://berglondon.com/blog/2010/09/03/patina/
Patina is a notion that in many ways can apply only to physical objects, but perhaps information is similar in some way. Not that information decays, but its value does change over time to become context. My metaphors may turn out to be a bit mixed, but for now I'm thinking that information decays towards the more abstract notion of context, in the way that aesthetic objects decay towards the more abstract notion of having "character."
Some information decays beautifully.
We have always thought of individuals as being unpredictable," said Johan Bollen, an expert in complex networks at Indiana University. "These regularities [in behavior] allow systems to learn much more about us as individuals than we would care for.
It's inevitable that our developing understanding of complex networks will have a profound impact on the way we think of causality and conscious will.
(I wouldn't be too worried about it; passively-driven, emergent behavior is *much* more fascinating than volition-driven individualistic behavior.)
In this post I’ll explain and demonstrate an algorithm that simulates a group of entities grouping together, illustrating something called “flocking”. I think it’s quite neat because the flock exhibits some complex collective intelligence when just a few simple governing rules are applied to each entity. The original flocking algorithm was developed by Craig Reynolds in 1986.How it Works
Each entity on the map, which we’ll now refer to as a “boid”, moves around while being governed by a few simple rules. Each boid starts out at the center of the map with a random velocity, and for each frame of the simulation, a new velocity is calculated using the flocking algorithm. For each boid, the algorithm uses the boid’s current velocity, its neighbours' velocities, and its position relative to its neighbours to calculate this new velocity. There are three components to it: the alignment, the cohesion, and the separation, which when used in combination display the full blown flocking behaviour.
I'm sure this thought isn't yet as accurate as I'd like it to be, but here goes:
Simple rules for interactions + feedback loops between participants + time = emergence
This is fascinating enough when the emergent phenomenon is "individual birds maintaining group structure," even more fascinating when the the emergent phenomenon is "individual humans forming distinct city neighborhoods" or "individual neurons creating what we think of as consciousness."
Mimicry is one of the most fascinatingly basic human instincts; any number of smart thinkers are now considering our ability to mimic one another as the very thing culture is made of, particularly from within the mirror neuron crowd inspired by the work of Rizzolatti, Ramachandran et al. (see: How Mimicry Begat Culture)
The below videos are from the end of Improv Everywhere's annual No Pants Subway mission. If you put enough people in one place, emergent behavior is inevitable.
[They're cheering because each passerby wearing pants eventually joined in with the crowd. Nothing illustrates the illusion of free will quite like being consumed by a living network numbering in the hundreds.]
[Ideas jump from culture to culture effortlessly, seamlessly adopting the behaviors of their host carriers along the way.]
(related: Youth and social imitation)
One thing the last 30 years have taught us that the media is consistently terrible at identifying what's going to be important 30 years later. [see: Frank Gavin - Five Ways To Use History Well]
Watching the wikileaks conversation spread gets me thinking that I suppose in 30 years we'll see how much better "empowered networks of individuals" are at it. ('it' being the task of correctly assessing the chronologically proportional weight of events, in the present, without the advantage of historical perspective aka hindsight)
My initial response is to reflect on our characteristic short-sightedness and propensity to get excited about *seemingly* important things and think "probably not much better," but then I get to thinking what we'd be talking about would be an emergent display of social forecasting, and a key property of emergent behavior is in fact its unexpectedness.
Sort of like ants that correctly predict the oncoming of a flood and build barriers accordingly, that might be the quintessential example.
Researchers from the University of Southern California recently found that brain regions were connected through feedback loops and not top-down command structures. The research counters the assumption of neurology that the brain is hierarchical. In order to reach this conclusion, the researchers used tracing technology on the brain tissue, which revealed the relationships between different parts of the brain’s circuitry. Specifically, the research focused on the relationship between neurocenters associated with appetite, depression and anxiety. Researchers believe that this technique could help reveal an entire map of the nervous system.
The BBC reports:
“You would be amazed at how much of the current experimental neuroscience literature is dominated by ‘top down-bottom up thinking’, which goes back to the 19th Century, especially in neurology,” Professor Swanson told BBC News.
“The bottom line is that no matter what you might think, the circuitry we’ve shown – that specific set of structural connections – has not been demonstrated before.”
BBC: “Brain works more like internet than ‘top down’ company”
An excellent blurb on the emergent, networked nature of the brain. That "top-down" assumption comes from our all-too-frequent illusion of control and our misguided thoughts about volition, conscious will and the like. Neurons - like ants and like computers and like humans - don't act because of some overarching, macro-level force or set of principles directing all behavior; they act because of nano-level responses to local, immediate-term conditions that exist around them.
"The emergent, unplanned city of Hamburg circa 1850, evolved topographically to resemble a human brain. What’s even more interesting is the recent discovery that “brains and cities, as they grow larger, have to be similarly densely interconnected to function optimally.”
Image from Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities and Software by Steven Johnson."
Radiolab has an outstanding primer on emergence here.
What's fascinating to me is that - for all its success - in reducing everything down to the individual, psychology has failed to account for much of human behavior.
Emergence is the study of behaviors that surface only in the context of interconnected groups of individuals, in ways that studying the individuals themselves gives us no clear (and even paradoxical) insight into. This is why psychology is (in an long, evolutionary sense) dying, and sociology is beginning to rise in popularity.